Overheads - Standards for actual output, input, periods

Illustration - Problem

A production process is budgeted to produce 50,000 units incurring a variable cost of 2,00,000 and a fixed cost of 1,20,000 in 25,000 man hours over a 10 day period. During a period 60,000 units have been produced incurring a variable cost of 2,15,000 and a fixed cost of 1,75,000 in 33,000 hours over 11 days.

Calculate Standards for actual

  • output
  • input (time)
  • Periods (days)

Working table with the data available in the problem

Standard Actual Absorbed
Budgeted for AO for AI for AP
I) Factor
a) Output (units)
a) Output (units)
b) Periods (Days)
c) Input [Time (man hrs)]
d) Overhead Cost
1) Variable
2) Fixed
3) Total
50,000
10
25,000

2,00,000
1,20,000
3,20,000
















60,000
11
33,000

2,15,000
1,75,000
3,33,000

The data in this illustration is used in the explanations below.

Standard Cost, Input, Periods for Actual Output

Factor

The factor with which the standard/budgeted data has to be multiplied to obtain the required recalculated standard.

Logic (based on Variable Cost)

If SO is SC is
50,000 units 2,00,000
60,0000 units ?

Standard Cost for an Output of 60,000 units

= 2,00,000 ×
60,000 units
50,000 units
= Standard Cost ×
Actual Output
Standard Output
⇒ SC(AO) = SC ×
AO
SO
Thus,
AO
SO
would be the factor with which the standard data has to be multiplied to obtain the recalculated standard for the actual output.
  • Standard Cost for Actual Output

    SC(AO) = SC ×
    AO
    SO

    Budgets are always as per standards. Thus standard cost can be interpreted as Budgeted cost in which case, the Budgeted Output becomes the standard output.

    ⇒ SC(AO) = BC ×
    AO
    BO

    Budgeted Cost = Budgeted Output × Budgeted Rate per unit

    ⇒ SC(AO) = BO × BR/UO ×
    AO
    BO
    = AO × BR/UO

    Actual output × Budgeted Rate per unit output

    SC(AO) = BC

    Standard cost for actual output would be equal to budgeted cost where actual output is equal to budgeted output i.e. when AO = BO.
    SC(AO) = AO × BR/UO
    Since BO = AO
    = BO × BR/UO
    = BC
  • Standard Input for Actual Output

    SI(AO) = SI ×
    AO
    SO

    Taking Time as input

    ST(AO) = ST ×
    AO
    SO
  • Standard Periods for Actual Output

    SP(AO) = SP ×
    AO
    SO

    Taking Days as periods

    SP(AO) = SP ×
    AO
    SO

Standard Cost, Output, Periods for Actual Input

Factor

The factor with which the standard/budgeted data has to be multiplied to obtain the required recalculated standard.

Logic (based on Variable Cost)

If SI is SC is
25,000 man hours 2,00,000
33,000 man hours ?

Standard Cost for an Input of 33,000 man hours

= 2,00,000 ×
33,000 man hours
25,000 man hours
= Standard Cost ×
Actual Input
Standard Input
⇒ SC(AI) = SC ×
AI
SI
Thus,
AI
SI
would be the factor with which the standard data has to be multiplied to obtain the recalculated standard for the actual input.
  • Standard Cost for Actual Input

    SC(AI) = SC ×
    AI
    SI

    Budgets are always as per standards. Thus standard cost can be interpreted as Budgeted cost in which case, the Budgeted Input becomes the standard input.

    ⇒ SC(AI) = BC ×
    AI
    BI

    Budgeted Cost = Budgeted Input × Budgeted Rate per unit input

    ⇒ SC(AI) = BI × BR/UI ×
    AI
    BI
    = AI × BR/UI

    Actual input × Budgeted Rate per unit input

    SC(AI) = BC

    Standard cost for actual input would be equal to budgeted cost where actual input is equal to budgeted input i.e. when AI = BI.
    SC(AI) = AI × BR/UI
    Since BI = AI
    = BI × BR/UI
    = BC
  • Standard Output for Actual Input

    SO(AI) = SO ×
    AI
    SI

    Taking Time as input

    SO(AT) = SO ×
    AT
    ST
  • Standard Periods for Actual Input

    SP(AI) = SP ×
    AI
    SI

    Taking Time as input and Days as periods

    SD(AT) = SD ×
    AT
    ST

Standard Cost, Output, Input for Actual Periods

Factor

The factor with which the standard/budgeted data has to be multiplied to obtain the required recalculated standard.

Logic (based on Variable Cost)

If SP is SC is
10 days 2,00,000
11 days ?

Standard Cost for 11 days

= 2,00,000 ×
11 days
10 days
= Standard Cost ×
Actual Periods
Standard Periods
⇒ SC(AP) = SC ×
AP
SP
Thus,
AP
SP
would be the factor with which the standard data has to be multiplied to obtain the recalculated standard for the actual periods.
  • Standard Cost for Actual Periods

    SC(AP) = SC ×
    AP
    SP

    Budgets are always as per standards. Thus standard cost can be interpreted as Budgeted cost in which case, the Budgeted Periods becomes the standard periods.

    ⇒ SC(AP) = BC ×
    AP
    BP

    Budgeted Cost = Budgeted Periods × Budgeted Rate per unit period

    ⇒ SC(AP) = BP × BR/UP ×
    AP
    BP
    = AP × BR/UP

    Actual periods × Budgeted Rate per unit period

    SC(AP) = BC

    Standard cost for actual periods would be equal to budgeted cost where actual periods are equal to budgeted periods i.e. when AP = BP.
    SC(AP) = AP × BR/UP
    Since BP = AP
    = BP × BR/UP
    = BC
  • Standard Output for Actual Periods

    SO(AP) = SO ×
    AP
    SP

    Taking Days as periods

    SO(AD) = SO ×
    AD
    SD
  • Standard Input for Actual Periods

    SI(AP) = SI ×
    AP
    SP

    Taking Time as input and Days as periods

    ST(AD) = ST ×
    AD
    SD

Illustration - Solution

To enable easier calculation of the recalculated standards, it would be helpful if we can find the factors to be used and write them down in the working table itself.

Factor for recalculating standards

  • for actual output
    (AO) =
    AO
    SO
    =
    60,000 units
    50,000 units
    = 1.2
  • for actual input
    (AI) =
    AI
    SI
    =
    33,000 man hours
    25,000 man hours
    = 1.32
  • for actual periods
    (AP) =
    AP
    SP
    =
    11 days
    10 days
    = 1.1
Standard Actual Absorbed
Budgeted for AO for AI for AP
I) Factor 1.2 1.32 1.1
a) Output (units)
b) Days
c) Time (man hrs)
d) Overhead Cost
1) Variable
2) Fixed
3) Total
50,000
10
25,000

2,00,000
1,20,000
3,20,000
60,000
12
30,000

2,40,000
1,44,000
3,84,000
66,000
13.2
33,000

2,64,000
1,58,400
4,22,400
55,000
11
27,500

2,20,000
1,32,000
3,52,000
60,000
11
33,000

2,15,000
1,75,000
3,33,000

The recalculated standard data is obtained as a product of the factor of the column and the related data from the budgeted column.